Grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd

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Mall:Huvudartikel Detta är en lista över grundämnenas kända oxidationstillstånd, exklusive icke-heltaliga värden. De vanligaste tillstånden är markerade med fetstil. Tabellen är baserad på den av Greenwood och Earnshaw,[1] med tillägg noterade. Oxidationstillstånd 0, vilket förekommer för alla grundämnen, är underförstått av kolumnen med grundämnets kemiska tecken. Tabellens format, som uppfanns av Dmitrij Mendelejev (1889), visar periodiciteten av grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd.[1]

Z Grundämne Oxidationstillstånd Grupp Noter
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9
1 Väte −1 H +1 1
2 Helium He 18
3 Litium Li +1 1 [2]
4 Beryllium Be +1 +2 2 [3]
5 Bor −5 −1 B +1 +2 +3 13 [4][5]
6 Kol −4 −3 −2 −1 C +1 +2 +3 +4 14
7 Kväve −3 −2 −1 N +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 15
8 Syre −2 −1 O +1 +2 16
9 Fluor −1 F 17
10 Neon Ne 18
11 Natrium −1 Na +1 1 [2]
12 Magnesium Mg +1 +2 2 [6]
13 Aluminium −2 −1 Al +1 +2 +3 13 [7][8][9]
14 Kisel −4 −3 −2 −1 Si +1 +2 +3 +4 14
15 Fosfor −3 −2 −1 P +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 15
16 Svavel −2 −1 S +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 16
17 Klor −1 Cl +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 17 [10]
18 Argon Ar 18
19 Kalium −1 K +1 1 [2]
20 Kalcium −1 Ca +1 +2 2 [11][12]
21 Skandium Sc +1 +2 +3 3
22 Titan −2 −1 Ti +1 +2 +3 +4 4 [13][14][15]
23 Vanadin −3 −1 V +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 5 [14]
24 Krom −4 −2 −1 Cr +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 6 [14]
25 Mangan −3 −2 −1 Mn +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 7
26 Järn −4 −2 −1 Fe +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 8 [16][17]
27 Kobolt −3 −1 Co +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 9 [14]
28 Nickel −2 −1 Ni +1 +2 +3 +4 10 [18]
29 Koppar −2 Cu +1 +2 +3 +4 11 [17]
30 Zink −2 Zn +1 +2 12 [17][19]
31 Gallium −5 −4 −2 −1 Ga +1 +2 +3 13 [8][20]
32 Germanium −4 −3 −2 −1 Ge +1 +2 +3 +4 14 [21]
33 Arsenik −3 −2 −1 As +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 15 [8][22][23]
34 Selen −2 −1 Se +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 16 [24][25][26][27]
35 Brom −1 Br +1 +3 +4 +5 +7 17
36 Krypton Kr +2 18
37 Rubidium −1 Rb +1 1 [2]
38 Strontium Sr +1 +2 2 [28]
39 Yttrium Y +1 +2 +3 3 [29][30]
40 Zirkonium −2 Zr +1 +2 +3 +4 4 [14][31]
41 Niob −3 −1 Nb +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 5 [14][32]
42 Molybden −4 −2 −1 Mo +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 6 [14]
43 Teknetium −3 −1 Tc +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 7
44 Rutenium −4 −2 Ru +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 8 [14][17]
45 Rodium −3 −1 Rh +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 9 [14]
46 Palladium Pd +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 10 [33][34][35][36]
47 Silver −2 −1 Ag +1 +2 +3 +4 11 [17][37][38]
48 Kadmium −2 Cd +1 +2 12 [17][39]
49 Indium −5 −2 −1 In +1 +2 +3 13 [8][40][41]
50 Tenn −4 −3 −2 −1 Sn +1 +2 +3 +4 14 [8][42][43]
51 Antimon −3 −2 −1 Sb +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 15 [8][44][45][46]
52 Tellur −2 −1 Te +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 16 [8][47][48][49]
53 Jod −1 I +1 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 17 [50][51]
54 Xenon Xe +2 +4 +6 +8 18 [52]
55 Cesium −1 Cs +1 1 [2]
56 Barium Ba +1 +2 2 [53]
57 Lantan La +1 +2 +3 [54]
58 Cerium Ce +2 +3 +4
59 Praseodym Pr +2 +3 +4
60 Neodym Nd +2 +3 +4 [55]
61 Prometium Pm +2 +3 [56]
62 Samarium Sm +2 +3
63 Europium Eu +2 +3
64 Gadolinium Gd +1 +2 +3
65 Terbium Tb +1 +2 +3 +4 [56]
66 Dysprosium Dy +2 +3 +4 [57]
67 Holmium Ho +2 +3 [56]
68 Erbium Er +2 +3 [56]
69 Tulium Tm +2 +3
70 Ytterbium Yb +2 +3
71 Lutetium Lu +2 +3 3 [56]
72 Hafnium −2 Hf +1 +2 +3 +4 4 [14][58]
73 Tantal −3 −1 Ta +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 5 [14][59]
74 Volfram −4 −2 −1 W +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 6 [14]
75 Rhenium −3 −1 Re +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 7
76 Osmium −4 −2 −1 Os +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 8 [17][60]
77 Iridium −3 −1 Ir +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 9 [61][62][63][64]
78 Platina −3 −2 −1 Pt +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 10 [17][65][66]
79 Guld −3 −2 −1 Au +1 +2 +3 +5 11 [17]
80 Kvicksilver −2 Hg +1 +2 +4 12 [17][67]
81 Tallium −5 −2 −1 Tl +1 +2 +3 13 [8][68][69][70]
82 Bly −4 −2 −1 Pb +1 +2 +3 +4 14 [8][71][72]
83 Vismut −3 −2 −1 Bi +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 15 [73][74][75][76]
84 Polonium −2 Po +2 +4 +5 +6 16 [77]
85 Astat −1 At +1 +3 +5 +7 17
86 Radon Rn +2 +6 18 [78][79][80]
87 Francium Fr +1 1
88 Radium Ra +2 2
89 Aktinium Ac +2 +3 [81]
90 Torium Th +1 +2 +3 +4 [82]
91 Protaktinium Pa +2 +3 +4 +5 [83]
92 Uran U +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 [84][85]
93 Neptunium Np +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 [86]
94 Plutonium Pu +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 [86][87][88]
95 Americium Am +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 [89][90]
96 Curium Cm +2 +3 +4 +6 [86][91][92]
97 Berkelium Bk +2 +3 +4 [93]
98 Californium Cf +2 +3 +4
99 Einsteinium Es +2 +3 +4 [94]
100 Fermium Fm +2 +3
101 Mendelevium Md +2 +3
102 Nobelium No +2 +3
103 Lawrencium Lr +3 3
104 Rutherfordium Rf +4 4
105 Dubnium Db +5 5 [95]
106 Seaborgium Sg +6 6 [96]
107 Bohrium Bh +7 7 [97]
108 Hassium Hs +8 8 [98]
109 Meitnerium Mt +3 +4 9
110 Darmstadtium Ds +3 +4 10
111 Röntgenium Rg +3 11
112 Copernicium Cn +1 +2 12
113 Nihonium Nh +1 +3 13
114 Flerovium Fl +2 14
115 Moskovium Mc +3 +5 15
116 Livermorium Lv +4 +5 16
117 Tenness −1 Ts +1 +3 +5 +7 17
118 Oganesson Og +2 18
119 Ununennium Uue +1 1
120 Unbinilium Ubn +2 2

Langmuirs diagram

Ett diagram med ett liknande format (nedan) användes av Irving Langmuir (1919) i ett av de tidiga verken om oktettregeln.[99] Oxidationstillståndens periodicitet var ett av bevisen som föranledde att Langmuir antog regeln.

Referenser

Mall:Enwp

Källförteckning och noter kopierades från motsvarande engelsk artikel vid skapandet av denna artikel.

Noter

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Mall:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in alkalides; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described.
  3. ↑ Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Mall:Tidskriftsref
  4. ↑ B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB2), see Mall:Cite book
  5. ↑ B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see Mall:Webbref
  6. ↑ Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Mall:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see Mall:Cite journal, and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. Mall:Doi
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 8,6 8,7 8,8 Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: [1], p. 259 and [2] (both in German).
  9. ↑ Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see Mall:Cite journal
  10. ↑ The equilibrium Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see Mall:Cite journal, and Cl2O6 is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO3 has been observed, see Mall:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Ca(I) has been observed; see Mall:Cite journal
  12. ↑ The Ca− ion is known: see Mall:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Ti(I) has been observed in titanium monohydride (TiH); see Mall:Tidskriftsref
  14. ↑ 14,00 14,01 14,02 14,03 14,04 14,05 14,06 14,07 14,08 14,09 14,10 14,11 Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see [3], p. 4 (in German); [4], pp. 97–100; [5], p. 239
  15. ↑ Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Mall:Cite journal However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see Mall:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Fe(VII) and Fe(VIII) have been reported; see Mall:Cite journal However, their existence has been disputed.
  17. ↑ 17,00 17,01 17,02 17,03 17,04 17,05 17,06 17,07 17,08 17,09 Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Mall:Cite journal and Mall:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni(1,5-COD)2], see Mall:Cite journal and Mall:Cite journal
  19. ↑ Zn(I) has been observed in Zn2Cl2; see Mall:Cite book
  20. ↑ Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg2Ga, and Mg5Ga2, respectively; see Mall:Cite news
  21. ↑ Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanides; see Mall:Cite book.
  22. ↑ As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Mall:Cite journal
  23. ↑ As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and Mall:Chem; see Mall:Cite journal
  24. ↑ Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(2−) (Se 22−).
  25. ↑ Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se2Cl2); see Mall:Webbref
  26. ↑ Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Mall:Cite journal
  27. ↑ Se(V) has been observed in SeO 32− and HSeO 42−; see Mall:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see Mall:Tidskriftsref
  29. ↑ Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see Mall:Webbref
  30. ↑ Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see Mall:Cite journal
  31. ↑ Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)3]− (see Mall:Greenwood&Earnshaw and Mall:Cite book), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Mall:Cite journal
  32. ↑ Nb(I) has been observed in niobium monochloride (NbCl); see Mall:Tidskriftsref
  33. ↑ Pd(I) has been observed; see Mall:Cite journal
  34. ↑ Pd(III) has been observed; see Mall:Tidskriftsref
  35. ↑ Pd(V) has been observed in dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate; see Mall:Cite journal
  36. ↑ Pd(VI) complexes have been observed; see Mall:Cite journal
  37. ↑ The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Mall:Cite journal
  38. ↑ Ag(IV) has been observed in potassium hexafluoroargentate (K2AgF6) and caesium hexafluoroargentate (Cs2AgF6); see Mall:Cite journal
  39. ↑ Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Mall:Cite book
  40. ↑ In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see Mall:Cite journal
  41. ↑ In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [6], p. 69.
  42. ↑ Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Mall:Cite journal
  43. ↑ Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in organotin compounds
  44. ↑ Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see Mall:Cite journal
  45. ↑ Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Mall:Cite journal
  46. ↑ Sb(IV) has been observed in Mall:Chem, see Mall:Cite journal
  47. ↑ Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see Mall:Webbref
  48. ↑ Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe3)2)2]+, see Mall:Cite journal.
  49. ↑ Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see Mall:Cite journal However, Te(V) has been observed in Mall:Chem, Mall:Chem, Mall:Chem, and Mall:Chem; see Mall:Cite journal
  50. ↑ I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide (IO2); see Mall:Cite book
  51. ↑ I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see Mall:Cite journal
  52. ↑ Xe(I) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate (see Mall:Cite book), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).
  53. ↑ Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see Mall:Tidskriftsref
  54. ↑ La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Mall:Tidskriftsref
  55. ↑ Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Mall:Holleman&Wiberg
  56. ↑ 56,0 56,1 56,2 56,3 56,4 All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Mall:Holleman&Wiberg) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Mall:Cite journal. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
  57. ↑ Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Mall:Holleman&Wiberg
  58. ↑ Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Mall:Cite journal
  59. ↑ Ta(I) occurs in CpTa(CO)4, see Mall:Cite book and Mall:Cite book
  60. ↑ Os(−1) has been observed in Na2[Os4(CO)13] ; see Mall:Cite journal and Mall:Cite journal
  61. ↑ Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see Mall:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  62. ↑ Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines Mall:Wayback.
  63. ↑ Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO4); see Mall:Cite journal
  64. ↑ Ir(IX) has been observed in Mall:Chem; see Mall:Cite journal
  65. ↑ Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides Ba2Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Mall:Cite journal
  66. ↑ Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see Mall:Cite journal
  67. ↑ Hg(IV) has been observed in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see Mall:Cite journal.
  68. ↑ Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see Mall:Cite journal
  69. ↑ Tl(−1) has been observed in caesium thallide (CsTl); see Mall:Cite book
  70. ↑ Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see Mall:Cite journal.
  71. ↑ Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Mall:Cite book and Mall:Cite journal
  72. ↑ Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see Mall:Cite journal.
  73. ↑ Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; see Mall:Cite news
  74. ↑ Bi(I) has been observed in bismuth monobromide (BiBr) and bismuth monoiodide (BiI); see Mall:Cite book
  75. ↑ Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R2Bi—BiR2), see Mall:Cite journal
  76. ↑ Bi(IV) has been observed; see Mall:Cite journal
  77. ↑ Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (Mall:Chem); see Mall:Cite book
  78. ↑ Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF2); see Mall:Cite journal and Mall:Cite journal
  79. ↑ Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Mall:Cite book
  80. ↑ Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO3); see Mall:Cite book
  81. ↑ Ac(II) is known in actinium dihydride (AcH2); see Mall:Cite journal
  82. ↑ Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Mall:Bokref
  83. ↑ Pa(II) is known in protactinium(II) oxide (PaO); see Mall:Cite journal
  84. ↑ U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Mall:Cite book
  85. ↑ U(II) has been observed in uranium monoxide (UO), uranium monosulfide (US), uranium acetylide (UC2), and uranium sesquicarbide (U2C3); see Mall:Cite journal
  86. ↑ 86,0 86,1 86,2 Np(II), Pu(II), Cm(II) have been observed in monoxides (NpO, PuO, CmO) and also in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides; see Holleman, Arnold F. and Wiberg, Nils Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, pp.1957, 1972, 102 Edition, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, Mall:ISBN.
  87. ↑ Pu(I) has been observed in plutonium monofluoride (PuF); see Mall:Cite journal
  88. ↑ Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see Mall:Cite journal
  89. ↑ Am(VII) has been observed in Mall:Chem; see Americium Mall:Wayback, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Mall:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  90. ↑ Am(VIII) has been observed; see Mall:Cite journal
  91. ↑ Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) (Mall:Chem); see Mall:Cite journal
  92. ↑ Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO4); see Mall:Cite journal However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Mall:Cite journal
  93. ↑ Bk(II) has been observed in berkelium(II) oxide (BkO); see Peterson J. R. and Hobart D. E. "The Chemistry of Berkelium" in Harry Julius Emeléus (Ed.) Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 28, Academic Press, 1984 Mall:ISBN, p. 51, Mall:Doi
  94. ↑ Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see Mall:Cite journal
  95. ↑ Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see Mall:Webbref
  96. ↑ Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see Mall:Tidskriftsref
  97. ↑ Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)" Mall:Wayback, Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29
  98. ↑ Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see Mall:Webbref
  99. ↑ Mall:Cite journal

Mall:Grundämnesegenskaper

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