Visa källa för Grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd

{{Huvudartikel|Oxidationstillstånd}}
Detta är en '''lista över [[grundämne]]nas kända [[oxidationstillstånd]]''', exklusive [[Oxidationstillstånd#Fraktionella oxidationstillstånd|icke-heltaliga värden]]. De vanligaste tillstånden är markerade med fetstil. Tabellen är baserad på den av Greenwood och Earnshaw,<ref name="G&E">{{Cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=Norman  N. |authorlink1=Norman Greenwood |last2=Earnshaw |first2=Alan |year=1997 |title=Chemistry of the Elements |edition=2nd |pages=27–28 |publisher=[[Butterworth-Heinemann]] |isbn=0-08-037941-9}}</ref> med tillägg noterade. Oxidationstillstånd 0, vilket förekommer för alla grundämnen, är underförstått av kolumnen med grundämnets kemiska tecken. Tabellens format, som uppfanns av [[Dmitrij Mendelejev]] (1889), visar [[Periodiska trender|periodiciteten]] av grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd.<ref name="G&E"/>

* {{Färglåda|#E0FFFF}} Grundämne
* {{Färglåda|#C0ffff}} [[Ädelgas]]

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | [[Atomnummer|Z]] || rowspan="2" | Grundämne || colspan="15" | Oxidationstillstånd || rowspan="2" | [[Periodiska systemets grupper|Grupp]] || rowspan="2" | Noter
|-
! style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5
! style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4
! style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3
! style="background:#ffecd3" | −2
! style="background:#f5deb3" | −1
! style="background:#e0ffff; | 0
! style="background:#ffa07a" | +1
! style="background:#ffdead" | +2
! style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3
! style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4
! style="background:#cccc98" | +5
! style="background:#a0fec2" | +6
! style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7
! style="background:#d1ddff" | +8
! style="background:#c6dd9d" | +9
|-
| colspan="19" style="background:#dddddd;" | 
|-
| 1 || [[Väte]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Väte|H]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || [[Alkalimetall|1]] ||
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 2 || [[Helium]] || || || || ||  || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Helium|He]]''' || || || || || || || || || || [[Ädelgas|18]] || 
|-
| 3 || [[Litium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Litium|Li]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || <ref name="G&E Lithides"/>
|-
| 4 || [[Beryllium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Beryllium|Be]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || [[Alkalisk jordartsmetall|2]] || <ref>Be(I) has been observed in [[beryllium monohydride]] (BeH); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf |rubrik=Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD |hämtdatum=2007-12-10 |tidskrift=J. Chem. Phys. |efternamn1=Shayesteh |förnamn1=A. |efternamn2=Tereszchuk |förnamn2=K. |efternamn3=Bernath |förnamn3=P. F. |efternamn4=Colin |förnamn4=R. |volym=118 |nummer=3 |år=2003 |sid=1158 |utgivare=bernath.uwaterloo.ca |doi=10.1063/1.1528606 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202130342/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf |arkivdatum=2007-12-02 }}</ref>
|-
| 5 || [[Bor]] || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Bor|B]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || [[Borgruppen|13]] ||<ref>B(−1) has been observed in [[magnesium diboride]] (MgB<sub>2</sub>), see {{cite book|url=https://books.google.ru/books?id=2RgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315&lpg=PA315#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach|authors=James Keeler, Peter Wothers|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014}}</ref><ref>B(−5) has been observed in Al<sub>3</sub>BC, see {{webbref |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf |författare=Melanie Schroeder |titel=Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden |sid=139 |språk=de |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094025/https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf |arkivdatum=2015-04-02 }}</ref>
|-
| 6 || [[Kol]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | '''−4''' || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kol|C]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || [[Kolgruppen|14]] ||
|-
| 7 || [[Kväve]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kväve|N]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || [[Kvävegruppen|15]] ||
|-
| 8 || [[Syre]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Syre|O]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || [[Kalkogen|16]] ||
|-
| 9 || [[Fluor]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Fluor|F]]''' || || || || || || || || || || [[Halogen|17]] ||
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 10 || [[Neon]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Neon|Ne]]''' || || || || || || || || || || 18 || 
|-
| 11 || [[Natrium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Natrium|Na]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || <ref name="G&E Lithides">Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in [[alkalides]]; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described.</ref> 
|-
| 12 || [[Magnesium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Magnesium|Mg]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 || <ref>[[Low valent magnesium compound]]s with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see {{cite journal|last= Green|first= S. P. |author2=Jones C. |author3=Stasch A.|date=December 2007|title= Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds|journal= Science|volume= 318|issue= 5857|pages= 1754–1757|doi= 10.1126/science.1150856|pmid= 17991827|bibcode = 2007Sci...318.1754G }}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[Aluminium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Aluminium|Al]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 || <ref>Al(II) has been observed in [[aluminium(II) oxide]] (AlO); see {{cite journal| author = D. C. Tyte | title = Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide| doi = 10.1038/202383a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 202| issue = 4930 | year = 1964| pages = 383–384 | bibcode=1964Natur.202..383T}}, and in [[dialanes]] (R<sub>2</sub>Al—AlR<sub>2</sub>); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. {{doi|10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4}}</ref><ref name="Zintl">Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in [[Zintl phase]]s, see: [https://books.google.ru/books?id=HwY4be5bH_sC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=%5BPb4%5D4-+zintl&source=bl&ots=bzWLEcJaYl&sig=gy64SwZlDRp-EeIROR3B5SvMS0A&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=9ZTkVOWhOIbMyAP8zIDgBw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q&f=false], p. 259 and [http://ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de/Vorlesung/intermetallische_6_2.html] (both in German).</ref><ref>Al(−2) has been observed in Sr<sub>14</sub>[Al<sub>4</sub>]<sub>2</sub>[Ge]<sub>3</sub>, see {{cite journal|last1=Wemdorff|first1=Marco|last2=Röhr|first2=Caroline|title=Sr<sub>14</sub>[Al<sub>4</sub>]<sub>2</sub>[Ge]<sub>3</sub>: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]<sup>4–</sup>- und [Al<sub>4</sub>]<sup>8–</sup>-Anionen / Sr<sub>14</sub>[Al<sub>4</sub>]<sub>2</sub>[Ge]<sub>3</sub>: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]<sup>4–</sup>- and [Al<sub>4</sub>]<sup>8–</sup> Anions|url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/znb.2007.62.issue-10/znb-2007-1001/znb-2007-1001.xml|journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B|language=de|volume=62|issue=10|year=2007|page=1227|doi=10.1515/znb-2007-1001}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[Kisel]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | '''−4''' || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kisel|Si]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||
|-
| 15 || [[Fosfor]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Fosfor|P]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 15 ||
|-
| 16 || [[Svavel]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Svavel|S]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 16 ||
|-
| 17 || [[Klor]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Klor|Cl]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || 17 || <ref>The equilibrium Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>⇌2ClO<sub>3</sub> is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see {{cite journal|first=Maria|last=Lopez|author2=Juan E. Sicre|title=Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide|journal=J. Phys. Chem.|year=1990|volume=94|issue=9|pages=3860–3863|doi=10.1021/j100372a094}}, and Cl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub> is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO<sub>3</sub> has been observed, see {{cite journal|first1=Hinrich|last1=Grothe|first2=Helge|last2=Willner|title=Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior|journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.|year=1994|volume=33|issue=14|pages=1482–1484|doi=10.1002/anie.199414821}}</ref>
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 18 || [[Argon]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Argon|Ar]]''' || || || || || || || || || || 18 || 
|-
| 19 || [[Kalium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kalium|K]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || <ref name="G&E Lithides"/>
|-
| 20 || [[Kalcium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kalcium|Ca]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 || <ref>Ca(I) has been observed; see {{cite journal|last1=Krieck|first1=Sven|last2=Görls|first2=Helmar|last3=Westerhausen|first3=Matthias|title=Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)<sub>3</sub>Ca(μ-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>-1,3,5-Ph<sub>3</sub>)Ca(thf)<sub>3</sub>] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=132|issue=35|pages=12492–501|year=2010|pmid=20718434|doi=10.1021/ja105534w}}</ref><ref>The Ca<sup>−</sup> ion is known: see {{cite journal | title=Evidence for a stable negative ion of calcium | journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume=59 |pages=2267–2270 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2267 | bibcode=1987PhRvL..59.2267P}}</ref>
|-
| 21 || [[Skandium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Skandium|Sc]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || [[Grupp 3-element|3]] ||
|-
| 22 || [[Titan]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Titan|Ti]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || [[Grupp 4-element|4]] ||<ref>Ti(I) has been observed in [[titanium monohydride]] (TiH); see {{tidskriftsref |författare=Andersson, N. |rubrik=Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf |tidskrift=J. Chem. Phys. |volym=118 |nummer=8 |år=2003 |sid=10543 |doi=10.1063/1.1539848 |bibcode=2003JChPh.118.3543A |efternamn2=Balfour |förnamn2=Walter J. |efternamn3=Bernath |förnamn3=Peter F. |efternamn4=Lindgren |förnamn4=Bo |efternamn5=Ram |förnamn5=Ram S. |display-authors=etal |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209151538/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf |arkivdatum=2012-02-09 }}</ref><ref name="Carbonyls">Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary [[metal carbonyls]]; see [http://d-nb.info/956310893/34], p. 4 (in German); [https://books.google.ru/books?id=dP4LTfaPzAMC&pg=PA97&dq=%22%5BCr%28CO%294%5D4-%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=ncroVMihLYO8ygO22YLYAQ&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false], pp. 97–100<!-- Ti(−4) and Zr, Hf(−6) on p. 100 seem to be wrong: Ti, Zr, Hf are less electronegative than Sn, so cited compounds have Ti(0) and Zr, Hf(+2) -->; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=n5r-NFT46TkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false], p. 239</ref><ref>Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti([[2,2'-Bipyridine|bipy]])<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−</sup>, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic302799s|pmid=23387926|title=Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.|year=2013|last1=Bowman|first1=A. C.|last2=England|first2=J.|last3=Sprouls|first3=S.|last4=Weihemüller|first4=T.|last5=Wieghardt|first5=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=52|issue=4|pages=2242–56}} However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>]<sup>−</sup> and [Ti(η-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>)]<sup>−</sup>, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1039/C39840000729|title=Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>R)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>–</sup> and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]|year=1984|last1=Bandy|first1=J. A.|last2=Berry|first2=A.|last3=Green|first3=M. L. H.|last4=Perutz|first4=R. N.|last5=Prout|first5=K.|last6=Verpeautz|first6=J.-N.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=52|issue=4|pages=729–731}}</ref>
|-
| 23 || [[Vanadin]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Vanadin|V]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || [[Grupp 5-element|5]] || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
|-
| 24 || [[Krom]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Krom|Cr]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || [[Grupp 6-element|6]] || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
|-
| 25 || [[Mangan]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Mangan|Mn]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || [[Grupp 7-element|7]] ||
|-
| 26 || [[Järn]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Järn|Fe]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || [[Grupp 8-element|8]] || <ref>Fe(VII) and Fe(VIII) have been reported; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1595/147106704X10801|title=Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)|year=2008|author1=Yurii D. Perfiliev|author2=Virender K. Sharma|volume=48|issue=4|pages=157–158|journal=Platinum Metals Review}} However, their existence has been disputed.</ref><ref name="MetalAnions">Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn<sub>6−''x''</sub>Sn<sub>''x''</sub>]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]<sup>6−</sup>), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]<sup>2−</sup> for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]<sup>4−</sup> for all these elements) in La<sub>2</sub>Pt<sub>2</sub>In, La<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>2</sub>In, Ca<sub>5</sub>Au<sub>3</sub>, Ca<sub>5</sub>Ag<sub>3</sub>, Ca<sub>5</sub>Hg<sub>3</sub>, Sr<sub>5</sub>Cd<sub>3</sub>, Ca<sub>5</sub>Zn<sub>3</sub>(structure (AE<sup>2+</sup>)<sub>5</sub>(T–T)<sup>4−</sup>T<sup>2−</sup>⋅4e<sup>−</sup>), Yb<sub>3</sub>Ag<sub>2</sub>, Ca<sub>5</sub>Au<sub>4</sub>, and Ca<sub>3</sub>Hg<sub>2</sub>; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See {{cite journal|title=Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements|year=2008|author1=Changhoon Lee|author2=Myung-Hwan Whangbo|volume=10|issue=4|pages=444–449|journal=Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1293255807003883|doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/zaac.200900421|title=Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)<sup>4–</sup> and Isolated T<sup>2–</sup> Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr<sub>5</sub>B<sub>3</sub>-Type Compounds AE<sub>5</sub>T<sub>3</sub> (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)|year=2010|author1=Changhoon Lee|author2=Myung-Hwan Whangbo|author3=Jürgen Köhler|volume=636|issue=1|pages=36–40|journal=ZAAC}}</ref>
|-
| 27 || [[Kobolt]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kobolt|Co]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || [[Grupp 9-element|9]] || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
|-
| 28 || [[Nickel]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Nickel|Ni]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || [[Grupp 10-element|10]] || <ref>Ni(−2) has been observed in Li<sub>2</sub>[Ni([[1,5-cyclooctadiene|1,5-COD]])<sub>2</sub>], see {{cite journal|first1=Klaus|last1=Jonas|title=Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal|journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.|year=1975|volume=14|issue=11|pages=752–753|doi=10.1002/anie.197507521}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic052110i|title=Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States|year=2006|last1=Ellis|first1=John E.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=45|issue=8|pages=3167–86}}</ref>
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| 29 || [[Koppar]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Koppar|Cu]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || [[Koppargruppen|11]] || <ref name="MetalAnions"/>
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| 30 || [[Zink]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Zink|Zn]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || [[Zinkgruppen|12]] || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Zn(I) has been observed in Zn<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>; see {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1985|edition=91–100| pages=1034–1041|isbn=3-11-007511-3|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language=German|chapter=Zink}}</ref>
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| 31 || [[Gallium]] || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Gallium|Ga]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg<sub>2</sub>Ga, and Mg<sub>5</sub>Ga<sub>2</sub>, respectively; see {{cite news|url=http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf|author=Patrick Hofmann|title=Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden|page=72|language=de}}</ref>
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| 32 || [[Germanium]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | '''−4''' || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Germanium|Ge]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 14 || <ref>Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in [[germanide]]s; see {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|edition=101| pages=953–959|isbn=3-11-012641-9|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language=German|chapter=Germanium}}.</ref>
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| 33 || [[Arsenik]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Arsenik|As]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 15 || <ref name="Zintl"/><ref>As(I) has been observed in [[arsenic(I) iodide]] (AsI); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic049281s|pmid=15360247|title=Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters|year=2004|last1=Ellis|first1=Bobby D.|last2=MacDonald|first2=Charles L. B.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=43|issue=19|pages=5981–6}}</ref><ref>As(IV) has been observed in [[arsenic(IV) hydroxide]] (As(OH)<sub>4</sub>) and {{chem|HAsO|3|-}}; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic00313a007|title=Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study|year=1989|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Bielski|first2=Benon H. J.|last3=Sehested|first3=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=28|issue=14|pages=2717–24}}</ref>
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| 34 || [[Selen]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Selen|Se]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 16 || <ref>Se(−1) has been observed in [[selenide|diselenide]]s(2−) (Se<math>_2^{2-}</math>).</ref><ref>Se(I) has been observed in [[selenium(I) chloride]] (Se<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>); see {{webbref|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Se/Cl2Se2-10025680.html|titel=Selenium : Selenium(I) chloride compound data|hämtdatum=2007-12-10|utgivare=WebElements.com}}</ref><ref>Se(III) has been observed in Se<sub>2</sub>NBr<sub>3</sub>; see {{cite journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.19960021108/abstract|title=Se<sub>2</sub>NBr<sub>3</sub>, Se<sub>2</sub>NCl<sub>5</sub>, Se<sub>2</sub>NCl<sup>−</sup><sub>6</sub>: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)| volume =2|pages=1393–1396|year=1996|doi=10.1002/chem.19960021108|last1=Lau|first1=Carsten|last2=Neumüller|first2=Bernhard|last3=Vyboishchikov|first3=Sergei F.|last4=Frenking|first4=Gernot|last5=Dehnicke|first5=Kurt|last6=Hiller|first6=Wolfgang|last7=Herker|first7=Martin|journal=Chemistry - A European Journal}}</ref><ref>Se(V) has been observed in SeO<math>_3^{2-}</math> and HSeO<math>_4^{2-}</math>; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/j100412a112|title=Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study|year=1986|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Sehested|first2=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=90|issue=21|pages=5460–4}}</ref>
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| 35 || [[Brom]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Brom|Br]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 17 ||
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 36 || [[Krypton]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Krypton|Kr]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 18 || 
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| 37 || [[Rubidium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rubidium|Rb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||<ref name="G&E Lithides"/>
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| 38 || [[Strontium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Strontium|Sr]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||<ref>Sr(I) has been observed in [[strontium monofluoride]] (SrF); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf |rubrik=High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride |tidskrift=J. Molecular Spectroscopy |volym=175 |sid=158–171 |år=1996 |författare=P. Colarusso |bibcode=1996JMoSp.175..158C |doi=10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019 |efternamn2=Guo |förnamn2=B. |efternamn3=Zhang |förnamn3=K.-Q. |efternamn4=Bernath |förnamn4=P.F. |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063843/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf |arkivdatum=2012-03-08 }}</ref>
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| 39 || [[Yttrium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Yttrium|Y]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 || <ref>Y(I) has been observed in [[yttrium(I) bromide]] (YBr); see {{webbref |url=http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium(i)%20bromide_jmol.html |titel=Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data |hämtdatum=2007-12-10 |utgivare=OpenMOPAC.net |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233118/http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium%28i%29%20bromide_jmol.html |arkivdatum=2011-07-23 }}</ref><ref>Y(II) has been observed in <!-- [[yttrium(II) hydride]] (YH<sub>2</sub>); see {{webbref|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Y/H2Y1-13598351.html|titel=Yttrium: yttrium(II) hydride compound data|hämtdatum=2007-12-10|utgivare=WebElements.com}} Isn't YH<sub>2</sub> electride-like?-->[(18-crown-6)K][(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>4</sub>SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Y]; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja207151y|title=Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y<sup>2+</sup>, [(18-crown-6)K][(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>4</sub>SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Y].|year=2011|last1=MacDonald|first1=M. R.|last2=Ziller|first2=J. W.|last3=Evans|first3=W. J.|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|volume=133|issue=40|pages=15914–17}}</ref><br />
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| 40 || [[Zirkonium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Zirkonium|Zr]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 4 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref>Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr([[2,2'-Bipyridine|bipy]])<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−</sup> (see {{Greenwood&Earnshaw|page=960}} and {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|edition=101|pages=1413|isbn=3-11-012641-9|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language=German|chapter=Zirconium}}), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic302799s|pmid=23387926|title=Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.|year=2013|last1=Bowman|first1=A. C.|last2=England|first2=J.|last3=Sprouls|first3=S.|last4=Weihemüller|first4=T.|last5=Wieghardt|first5=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=52|issue=4|pages=2242–56}}</ref>
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| 41 || [[Niob]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Niob|Nb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 5 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref>Nb(I) has been observed in [[niobium monochloride]] (NbCl); see {{tidskriftsref |doi=10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.001 |tidskrift=Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy |volym=228 |år=2004 |sid=544–553 |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf |rubrik=Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on NbCl |förnamn=R.S. |efternamn=Ram |författare2=Rinskopf, N. |författare3=Liévin, J. |författare4=Bernatha, P.F. |bibcode=2004JMoSp.228..544R |nummer=2 |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228220758/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf |arkivdatum=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
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| 42 || [[Molybden]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Molybden|Mo]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 6 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
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| 43 || [[Teknetium]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Teknetium|Tc]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || 7 ||
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| 44 || [[Rutenium]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rutenium|Ru]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 8 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref name="MetalAnions"/>
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| 45 || [[Rodium]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rodium|Rh]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 9 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
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| 46 || [[Palladium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Palladium|Pd]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' ||style="background:#cccc98" | +5  || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 10 || <ref>Pd(I) has been observed; see {{cite journal|last1 = Crabtree|first1 = R. H.|title = CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?|journal = [[Science]]|volume = 295|pages = 288–289|year = 2002|doi = 10.1126/science.1067921|issue = 5553}}</ref><ref>Pd(III) has been observed; see {{tidskriftsref |efternamn1=Powers |förnamn1=D. C. |efternamn2=Ritter |förnamn2=T. |rubrik=Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis |tidskrift=Top. Organomet. Chem. |volym=35 |sid=129–156 |datum=2011 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6 |url=http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf |serie=Topics in Organometallic Chemistry |isbn=978-3-642-17428-5 |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf |arkivdatum=2013-06-12 }}</ref><ref>Pd(V) has been observed in dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate; see {{cite journal
 | last1 = Falconer | first1 = W. E.
 | last2 = Disalvo | first2 = F. J.
 | last3 = Edwards | first3 = A. J.
 | last4 = Griffiths | first4 = J. E.
 | last5 = Sunder | first5 = W. E.
 | last6 = Vasile | first6 = M. J.
 | title = Dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate(V) O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>PdF<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup>: A quinquevalent compound of palladium
 | journal = Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
 | volume = 28, Supplement 1 | pages = 59–60
 | year = 1976
 | doi = 10.1016/0022-1902(76)80595-7
}}</ref><ref>Pd(VI) complexes have been observed; see {{cite journal|last1 = Chen|first1 = W.|last2 = Shimada|first2 = Shigeru|last3 = Tanaka|first3 = Masato|title = Synthesis and Structure of Formally Hexavalent Palladium Complexes|journal = [[Science]]|volume = 295|pages = 308–310|year = 2002|doi = 10.1126/science.1067027|issue = 5553|bibcode = 2002Sci...295..308C }}</ref>
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| 47 || [[Silver]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Silver|Ag]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 11 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>The Ag<sup>−</sup> ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic000333x|title=Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions.|year=2001|last1=Tran|first1=N. E.|last2=Lagowski|first2=J. J.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=40|issue=5|pages=1067–68}}</ref><ref>Ag(IV) has been observed in [[potassium hexafluoroargentate]] (K<sub>2</sub>AgF<sub>6</sub>) and [[caesium hexafluoroargentate]] (Cs<sub>2</sub>AgF<sub>6</sub>); see {{cite journal|last1=Riedel |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kaupp |first2=Martin |year=2009 |title=The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements |journal=Coordination Chemistry Reviews |volume=253 |issue=5–6 |pages=606–624 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010854508001355?via%3Dihub |accessdate= }}</ref>
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| 48 || [[Kadmium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kadmium|Cd]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 12 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Cd(I) has been observed in [[cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate]] (Cd<sub>2</sub>(AlCl<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>); see {{cite book|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|year = 1985|edition = 91–100|pages =1056–1057|isbn = 3-11-007511-3|title = Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first = Arnold F.|last = Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language = German|chapter = Cadmium}}</ref>
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| 49 || [[Indium]] || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Indium|In]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>In(–5) has been observed in La<sub>3</sub>InGe, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic951378e|title=Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties|year=1996|last1=Guloy|first1=A. M.|last2=Corbett|first2=J. D.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=35|issue=9|pages=2616–22}}</ref><ref>In(−2) has been observed in Na<sub>2</sub>In, see [https://books.google.ru/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=zintl+anions+Na2In&source=bl&ots=aXLYIpkfYq&sig=Mqh8WdnvGOt2J2OPVLNqn79YVyk&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=XNDkVNeSJeXOyQOb8oBA&ved=0CBsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false], p. 69.</ref>
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| 50 || [[Tenn]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | '''−4''' || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tenn|Sn]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn<sub>2</sub>]<sup>6−</sup>, e.g. in (Ba<sub>2</sub>)<sup>4+</sup>(Mg<sub>4</sub>)<sup>8+</sup>Sn<sup>4−</sup>(Sn<sub>2</sub>)<sup>6−</sup>Sn<sup>2−</sup> (with square (Sn<sup>2−</sup>)<sub>n</sub> sheets), see {{cite journal |last1=Papoian |first1=Garegin A. |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Roald |year=2000 |title=Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |volume=2000 |issue= 39|pages=2408–2448 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Garegin_Papoian/publication/12379848_Hypervalent_Bonding_in_One_Two_and_Three_Dimensions_Extending_the_Zintl-Klemm_Concept_to_Nonclassical_Electron-Rich_Networks/links/09e4150a69ac2aa4c5000000.pdf |accessdate=February 2015 |doi=10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u}}</ref><ref>Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in [[organotin compounds]]</ref>
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| 51 || [[Antimon]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Antimon|Sb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 15 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4−</sup>, e.g. in RbBa<sub>4</sub>[Sb<sub>2</sub>][Sb][O], see {{cite journal |last1=Boss |first1=Michael |last2=Petri |first2=Denis |last3=Pickhard |first3=Frank |last4=Zönnchen |first4=Peter |last5=Röhr |first5=Caroline |year=2005 |title=Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]<sup>3−</sup>, [Sb<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4−</sup> und <sup>1</sup><sub>∞</sub>[Sb<sub>n</sub>]<sup>n−</sup> / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]<sup>3−</sup>, [Sb<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4−</sup> and <sup>1</sup><sub>∞</sub>[Sb<sub>n</sub>]<sup>n−</sup> |journal=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |volume=631 |issue= 6–7|pages=1181–1190 |language=de |doi= 10.1002/zaac.200400546|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.200400546/abstract |accessdate=February 2015}}</ref><ref>Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in [[organoantimony compounds]]; for Sb(I), see {{cite journal |last1=Šimon |first1=Petr |last2=de Proft |first2=Frank |last3=Jambor |first3=Roman |last4=Růžička |first4=Aleš |last5=Dostál |first5=Libor |year=2010 |title=Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=49 |issue=32 |pages=5468–5471 |doi= 10.1002/anie.201002209|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201002209/full |accessdate=February 2015}}</ref><ref>Sb(IV) has been observed in {{chem|[SbCl|6|]|2-}}, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1246/bcsj.73.1599|title=Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3|year=2000|author1=Nobuyoshi Shinohara|author2=Masaaki Ohsima|journal=Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan|volume=73|issue=7|pages=1599–1604}}</ref>
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| 52 || [[Tellur]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tellur|Te]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 16 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Te(I) has been observed in [[tellurium iodide]] (TeI), see {{webbref|url=http://www.webelements.com/compounds/tellurium/tellurium_iodide.html|titel=Tellurium: tellurium iodide|hämtdatum=2015-02-23|utgivare=WebElements.com}}</ref><ref>Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(Si[[methyl|Me]]<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>, see {{cite journal |last1=Heinze |first1=Thorsten |last2=Roesky |first2=Herbert W. |last3=Pauer |first3=Frank |last4=Stalke |first4=Dietmar |last5=Sheldrick |first5=George M. |year=1991 |title=Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1678 |doi= 10.1002/anie.199116771 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237225046_Synthesis_and_Structure_of_the_First_Tellurium%28III%29_Radical_Cation |accessdate=February 2015}}.</ref><ref>Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be [[ditellurium decafluoride]] (Te<sub>2</sub>F<sub>10</sub>) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F<sub>5</sub>TeOTeF<sub>5</sub>: see {{ cite journal | author = Watkins, P. M. | title = Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1974 | volume = 51 | issue = 9 | pages = 520–521 | doi = 10.1021/ed051p520 }} However, Te(V) has been observed in {{chem|H|2|TeO|4|-}}, {{chem|TeO|3|-}}, {{chem|HTeO|4|2-}}, and {{chem|TeO|4|3-}}; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jp010577i|title=Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study|year=2001|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Sehested|first2=K.|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A|volume=105|issue=27|pages=6637–45}}</ref>
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| 53 || [[Jod]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Jod|I]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || 17 || <ref>I(IV) has been observed in [[Iodine oxide|iodine dioxide]] (IO<sub>2</sub>); see {{cite book|publisher = Dover Publications, Inc.|year = 1988|edition = 3rd|page =259|isbn = 0-486-65622-5|title = General Chemistry|first = Linus|last = Pauling|chapter = Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements}}</ref><ref>I(VI) has been observed in IO<sub>3</sub>, IO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, H<sub>5</sub>IO<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup>, H<sub>2</sub>IO<sub>5</sub><sup>2−</sup>, H<sub>4</sub>IO<sub>6</sub><sup>2−</sup>, and HIO<sub>5</sub><sup>3−</sup>; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1039/F19817701707|title=Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)|year=1981|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Sehested|first2=Knud|last3=Wolff|first3=Thomas|journal=J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1|volume=77|pages=1707–18}}</ref>
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 54 || [[Xenon]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Xenon|Xe]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 18 || <ref>Xe(I) has been reported in [[xenon hexafluoroplatinate]] and [[xenon hexafluororhodate]] (see {{cite book|publisher = Dover Publications, Inc.|year = 1988|edition = 3rd|page =250|isbn = 0-486-65622-5|title = General Chemistry|first = Linus|last = Pauling}}), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).</ref>
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| 55 || [[Cesium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Cesium|Cs]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||<ref name="G&E Lithides"/>
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| 56 || [[Barium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Barium|Ba]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||<ref>Ba(I) has been observed in [[barium monofluoride]] (BaF); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf |rubrik=High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride |tidskrift=J. Molecular Spectroscopy |volym=170 |sid=59 |år=1995 |författare=P. Colarusso |bibcode=1996JMoSp.175..158C |doi=10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019 |efternamn2=Guo |förnamn2=B. |efternamn3=Zhang |förnamn3=K.-Q. |efternamn4=Bernath |förnamn4=P.F. |display-authors=etal |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310180822/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf |arkivdatum=2005-03-10 }}</ref>
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| 57 || [[Lantan]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Lantan|La]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||<ref>La(I) has been observed in [[lanthanum monohydride]] (LaH); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf |rubrik=Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD |tidskrift=J. Molecular Spectroscopy |volym=104 |sid=6444 |år=1996 |efternamn1=Ram |förnamn1=R. S. |doi=10.1063/1.471365 |efternamn2=Bernath |förnamn2=P. F. |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310194449/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf |arkivdatum=2005-03-10 }}</ref>
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| 58 || [[Cerium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Cerium|Ce]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || ||
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| 59 || [[Praseodym]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Praseodym|Pr]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || ||
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| 60 || [[Neodym]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Neodym|Nd]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref>Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see {{Holleman&Wiberg|p=1704}}</ref>
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| 61 || [[Prometium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Prometium|Pm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || || <ref name="Lanthanides">All the [[lanthanide]]s (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see {{Holleman&Wiberg|p=1704}}) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see [http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i24/Lanthanides-Topple-Assumptions.html Lanthanides Topple Assumptions] and {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/anie.201311325|title=All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2.|year=2014|last1=Meyer|first1=G.|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=53|issue=14|pages=3550–51}}. Additionally, all the [[lanthanide]]s (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH<sub>2</sub>), dicarbides (LnC<sub>2</sub>), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln<sup>3+</sup> ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e.&nbsp;g. Ln<sup>3+</sup>(H<sup>−</sup>)<sub>2</sub>(e<sup>−</sup>).</ref>
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| 62 || [[Samarium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Samarium|Sm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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| 63 || [[Europium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Europium|Eu]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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| 64 || [[Gadolinium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Gadolinium|Gd]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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| 65 || [[Terbium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Terbium|Tb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref name="Lanthanides" />
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| 66 || [[Dysprosium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Dysprosium|Dy]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref>Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see {{Holleman&Wiberg|p=1704}}</ref>
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| 67 || [[Holmium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Holmium|Ho]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || || <ref name="Lanthanides" />
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| 68 || [[Erbium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Erbium|Er]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || || <ref name="Lanthanides" />
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| 69 || [[Tulium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tulium|Tm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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| 70 || [[Ytterbium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Ytterbium|Yb]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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| 71 || [[Lutetium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Lutetium|Lu]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 || <ref name="Lanthanides" />
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| 72 || [[Hafnium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Hafnium|Hf]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 4 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref>Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see {{cite journal
 | title = Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium
 | last1 = Marek        | first1 =  G.S.
 | last2 = Troyanov     | first2 =  S.I.
 | last3 = Tsirel'nikov | first3 =  V.I.
 | journal = Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
 | year = 1979
 | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 890–893
 | language = ru
 | url = https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:11520917
}}</ref>
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| 73 || [[Tantal]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tantal|Ta]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 5 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref>Ta(I) occurs in [[cyclopentadienyl|Cp]]Ta(CO)<sub>4</sub>, see {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|edition=101| pages=1430|isbn=3-11-012641-9|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language=German|chapter=Tantal}} and {{Cite book|publisher=Academic Press|year=1969|pages=11|isbn=0-32-315996-6|title=Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction|first=R. Bruce|last=King}}</ref>
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| 74 || [[Volfram]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Volfram|W]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 6 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
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| 75 || [[Rhenium]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rhenium|Re]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 7 ||
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| 76 || [[Osmium]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Osmium|Os]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 8 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Os(−1) has been observed in Na<sub>2</sub>[Os<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>13</sub>] ; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y|title=Preparation of [Os<sub>3</sub>(CO)<sub>11</sub>]<sup>2−</sup> and its reactions with Os<sub>3</sub>(CO)<sub>12</sub>; structures of [Et<sub>4</sub>N] [HOs<sub>3</sub>(CO)<sub>11</sub>] and H<sub>2</sub>OsS<sub>4</sub>(CO)|year=1993|last =Krause|first=J.|journal=Journal of Organometallic Chemistry|volume=454|pages=263–271|last2=Siriwardane|first2=Upali|last3=Salupo|first3=Terese A.|last4=Wermer|first4=Joseph R.|last5=Knoeppel|first5=David W.|last6=Shore|first6=Sheldon G.}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic00141a019|title=Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives|year=1982|first=Willie J.|last=Carter|author2=Kelland, John W. |author3=Okrasinski, Stanley J. |author4=Warner, Keith E. |author5= Norton, Jack R. | journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=21|issue=11|pages=3955–3960}}</ref>
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| 77 || [[Iridium]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Iridium|Ir]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || style="background:#c6dd9d" | +9 || 9 || <ref>Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)<sub>3</sub><sup>3−</sup>; see {{Greenwood&Earnshaw|page=1117}}</ref><ref>Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η<sup>2</sup>-O<sub>2</sub>)IrO<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>; see [http://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/ C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines] {{Wayback|url=http://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/ |date=20150309030817 }}.</ref><ref>Ir(VIII) has been observed in [[iridium tetroxide]] (IrO<sub>4</sub>); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/anie.200902733|title=Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII|year=2009|last1=Gong|first1=Yu|last2=Zhou|first2=Mingfei|last3=Kaupp|first3=Martin|last4=Riedel|first4=Sebastian|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=48|issue=42|pages=7879–7883}}</ref><ref>Ir(IX) has been observed in {{chem|IrO|4|+}}; see {{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Guanjun |last2=Zhou |first2=Mingfei |last3=Goettel |first3=James T. |last4=Schrobilgen |first4=Gary G. |last5=Su |first5=Jing |last6=Li |first6=Jun |last7=Schlöder |first7=Tobias |last8=Riedel |first8=Sebastian |date=21 August 2014 |title=Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX |journal=Nature |volume=514 |pages=475–477 |doi=10.1038/nature13795}}</ref>
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| 78 || [[Platina]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1  || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Platina|Pt]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' ||style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 10 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the [[barium]] platinides Ba<sub>2</sub>Pt and BaPt, respectively: see {{cite journal| doi = 10.1039/b514631c |title = An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides|first1=Andrey |last1= Karpov| first2=Mitsuharu| pmid = 16479284 |last2=Konuma|first3=Martin |last3=Jansen|journal = Chemical Communications|year = 2006| issue = 8|pages = 838–840}}</ref><ref>Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see {{cite journal|title = Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)|first = George B.|last = Kauffman|authorlink = George B. Kauffman |year = 1967|journal = [[Inorganic Syntheses]]|volume = 9 |pages = 182–185|doi = 10.1002/9780470132401.ch51|last2 = Thurner|first2 = Joseph J.|last3 = Zatko|first3 = David A.|series = Inorganic Syntheses|isbn = 978-0-470-13240-1}}</ref>
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| 79 || [[Guld]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Guld|Au]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 11 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/>
|-
| 80 || [[Kvicksilver]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kvicksilver|Hg]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 12 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Hg(IV) has been observed in [[mercury(IV) fluoride]] (HgF<sub>4</sub>); see {{cite journal |author=Xuefang Wang |author2=Lester Andrews |author3=Sebastian Riedel |author4= Martin Kaupp |title=Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF<sub>4</sub> |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=2007 |volume=46 |issue=44 |pages=8371–8375 |doi=10.1002/anie.200703710 |pmid=17899620}}.</ref>
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| 81 || [[Tallium]] || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tallium|Tl]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 || <ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Tl(−5) has been observed in Na<sub>23</sub>K<sub>9</sub>Tl<sub>15.3</sub>, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic960014z|title=Na<sub>23</sub>K<sub>9</sub>Tl<sub>15.3</sub>:  An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl<sub>5</sub><sup>7-</sup>, Tl<sub>4</sub><sup>8−</sup>, Tl<sub>3</sub><sup>7−</sup>, and Tl<sup>5−</sup> Anions|year=1996|last1=Dong|first1=Z.-C.|last2=Corbett|first2=J. D.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=35|issue=11|pages=3107–12}}</ref><ref>Tl(−1) has been observed in [[caesium thallide]] (CsTl); see {{cite book|first1=R. B.|last1=King|first2=R.|last2=Schleyer|year=2004|chapter=Theory and concepts in main-group cluster chemistry|editor1-first=M.|editor1-last=Driess|editor2-first=H.|editor2-last=Nöth|title=Molecular clusters of the main group elements|publisher=Wiley-VCH, Chichester|page=19|ISBN=978-3-527-61437-0}}</ref><ref>Tl(+2) has been observed in [[tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium]] ([([[methyl|Me]]<sub>3</sub>Si)Si]<sub>2</sub>Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)]<sub>2</sub>), see {{cite journal |author=Sonja Henkel |author2=Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer |author3=Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz |title=Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=1994 |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=681–683 |doi=10.1002/anie.199406811}}.</ref>
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| 82 || [[Bly]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Bly|Pb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see {{cite book | title = Intermetallic Chemistry | first1 = Riccardo |last1 =Ferro | editor = Nicholas C. Norman | publisher = Elsevier | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-08-044099-6 | page = 505}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic000333x|title=Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn<sub>5</sub><sup>6−</sup> and Pb<sub>5</sub><sup>6−</sup> in the Zintl Phases Na<sub>8</sub>BaPb<sub>6</sub>, Na<sub>8</sub>BaSn<sub>6</sub>, and Na<sub>8</sub>EuSn<sub>6</sub>.|year=2004|last1=Todorov|first1=Iliya|last2=Sevov|first2=Slavi C.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=43|issue=20|pages=6490–94}}</ref><ref>Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in [[organolead compounds]], e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>; for Pb(I), see {{cite journal |author=Siew-Peng Chia |author2=Hong-Wei Xi |author3=Yongxin Li |author4=Kok Hwa Lim |author5=Cheuk-Wai So |title=A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=2013 |volume=52 |issue=24 |pages=6298–6301 |doi=10.1002/anie.201301954}}.</ref>
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| 83 || [[Vismut]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Vismut|Bi]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 15 ||<ref>Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca<sup>2+</sup>)<sub>22</sub>[Bi<sub>4</sub>]<sup>4−</sup>([Bi<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4−</sup>)<sub>4</sub>[Bi<sup>3−</sup>]<sub>8</sub>; see {{cite news | title = Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases  | first1 = Siméon |last1 =Ponou | publisher = Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie
mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien  | year = 2006 | url = http://d-nb.info/985527676/34?origin=publication_detailSim | page = 68}}</ref><ref>Bi(I) has been observed in [[bismuth monobromide]] (BiBr) and [[bismuth monoiodide]] (BiI); see {{cite book | title = Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth | first1 = S. M. |last1 =Godfrey | first2 = C. A. |last2 =McAuliffe | first3 = A. G. |last3 =Mackie | first4 = R. G. |last4 =Pritchard | editor = Nicholas C. Norman | publisher = Springer | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7514-0389-X | pages = 67–84}}</ref><ref>Bi(+2) has been observed in [[dibismuthine]]s (R<sub>2</sub>Bi—BiR<sub>2</sub>), see {{cite journal |author=Arthur J. Ashe III |title=Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines |journal=Advances in Organometallic Chemistry |year=1990 |volume=30 |pages=77–97 |doi=10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2}}</ref><ref>Bi(IV) has been observed; see {{cite journal |author=A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov |title=Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III) |journal=Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science |year=1987 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=217–220 |doi=10.1007/BF00959349}}</ref>
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| 84 || [[Polonium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Polonium|Po]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 16 || <ref>Po(V) has been observed in [[dioxidopolonium(1+)]] ({{chem|PoO|2|+}}); see {{cite book |title=Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements |last=Thayer |first=John S.|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2 |year=2010 |page=78}}</ref>
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| 85 || [[Astat]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Astat|At]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 17 ||
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 86 || [[Radon]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Radon|Rn]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 18 || <ref>Rn(II) has been observed in [[radon difluoride]] (RnF<sub>2</sub>); see {{cite journal | author = Stein, L. | year = 1970 | journal = Science | volume =168 | pages = 362–4 | doi = 10.1126/science.168.3929.362 | title = Ionic Radon Solution | pmid = 17809133 | issue = 3929 | bibcode=1970Sci...168..362S}} and {{cite journal | author = Kenneth S. Pitzer | year = 1975 | journal = J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. | pages = 760b – 761 | title = Fluorides of radon and element 118 | doi = 10.1039/C3975000760b | issue = 18}}</ref><ref>Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=A. G. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry |volume=46 |chapter=Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC |accessdate=22 November 2012 |year=1998 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-023646-6 |pages=91–93}}</ref><ref>Rn(VI) is known in [[radon trioxide]] (RnO<sub>3</sub>); see {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=A. G. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry |volume=46 |chapter=Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC |accessdate=22 November 2012 |year=1998 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-023646-6 |pages=91–93}}</ref>
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| 87 || [[Francium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Francium|Fr]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||
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| 88 || [[Radium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Radon|Ra]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||
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| 89 || [[Aktinium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Aktinium|Ac]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || || <ref>Ac(II) is known in [[actinium dihydride]] (AcH<sub>2</sub>); see {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(61)80369-2 |last1=Farr |year=1961 |first1=J |last2=Giorgi |first2=A.L. |last3=Bowman |first3=M.G. |last4=Money |first4=R.K. |pages=42–47 |volume=18 |journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry |title=The crystal structure of actinium metal and actinium hydride}}</ref>
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| 90 || [[Torium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Torium|Th]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || || <ref>Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see {{bokref |efternamn1=Wickleder |förnamn1=Mathias S. |förnamn2=Blandine |efternamn2=Fourest |förnamn3=Peter K. |efternamn3=Dorhout |kapitel=Thorium |titel=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements |redaktör1-förnamn=Lester R. |redaktör1-efternamn=Morss |redaktör2-förnamn=Norman M. |redaktör2-efternamn=Edelstein |redaktör3-förnamn=Jean |redaktör3-efternamn=Fuger |upplaga=3rd |år=2006 |volym=3 |utgivare=Springer |utgivningsort=Dordrecht, Nederländerna |sid=52–160 |url=http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf |doi=10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3 |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivdatum=2016-03-07 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160941/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf }}</ref>
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| 91 || [[Protaktinium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Protaktinium|Pa]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || || <ref>Pa(II) is known in [[protactinium(II) oxide]] (PaO); see {{cite journal|doi = 10.1021/ja01652a011|year = 1954|last1 = Sellers|first1 = Philip A.|last2 = Fried|first2 = Sherman|last3 = Elson|first3 = Robert E.|last4 = Zachariasen|first4 = W. H.|journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume = 76|pages = 5935–5938|title = The Preparation of Some Protactinium Compounds and the Metal|issue = 23}}</ref>
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| 92 || [[Uran]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Uran|U]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || || <ref>U(I) has been observed in [[uranium monofluoride]] (UF) and [[uranium monochloride]] (UCl), see {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=A. G. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry |volume=34 |chapter=Compounds of Thorium and Uranium |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MZRm6E9LmgMC |accessdate=22 March 2015 |year=1990 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-023634-6 |pages=87–88}}</ref><ref>U(II) has been observed in [[uranium monoxide]] (UO), [[uranium monosulfide]] (US), [[uranium carbide|uranium acetylide]] (UC<sub>2</sub>), and [[uranium carbide|uranium sesquicarbide]] (U<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>); see {{cite journal | last1 = Bowman | first1 = A.L. | last2 = Arnold | first2 = G.P. | last3 = Witteman | first3 = W.G. | last4 = Wallace | first4 = T.C. | last5 = Nereson | first5 = N.G. | title = Test | date = 1966| journal = Acta Crystallographica | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = 670–671 | doi=10.1107/s0365110x66003670}}</ref>
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| 93 || [[Neptunium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Neptunium|Np]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || || <ref name="Actinides">Np(II), Pu(II), Cm(II) have been observed in monoxides (NpO, PuO, CmO) and also in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides; see Holleman, Arnold F. and Wiberg, Nils ''Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry'', pp.1957, 1972, 102 Edition, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-11-017770-1}}.</ref>
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| 94 || [[Plutonium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Plutonium|Pu]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || || <ref name="Actinides" /><ref>Pu(I) has been observed in [[plutonium monofluoride]] (PuF); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja01023a002|title=Mass spectrometric studies of plutonium compounds at high temperatures. II. Enthalpy of sublimation of plutonium(III) fluoride and the dissociation energy of plutonium(I) fluoride|year=1968|last1=Kent|first1=R. A.|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|volume=90|issue=21|pages=5657–59}}</ref><ref>Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see {{cite journal |last1=Kiselev |first1=Yu. M. |last2=Nikonov |first2=M. V. |last3=Tananaev |first3=I. G. |last4=Myasoedov |first4=B. F. |year=2009 |title=On the Existence of Plutonium Tetroxide |journal=Doklady Akademii Nauk |volume=425 |pages=634–637 |publisher=Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. |doi=10.1134/S0012501609040022 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0012501609040022 |issn=0012-5016 |accessdate=February 25, 2012 |issue=5 }}</ref>
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| 95 || [[Americium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Americium|Am]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || || <ref>Am(VII) has been observed in {{chem|AmO|6|5-}}; see [http://www.chemie-master.de/FrameHandler.php?loc=http://www.chemie-master.de/pse/pse.php?modul=Am Americium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chemie-master.de/FrameHandler.php?loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemie-master.de%2Fpse%2Fpse.php%3Fmodul%3DAm |date=20190609181845 }}, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and {{Greenwood&Earnshaw|page=1265}}</ref><ref>Am(VIII) has been observed; see {{cite journal |last=Nikonov |first=M. V. |last2=Kiselev |first2=Yu. M. |last3=Myasoedov |first3=B. F. |date=January 2014 |title=Americium volatility from ozonized alkaline solutions |journal=Radiochemistry  |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1134/S1066362214010032 |access-date=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
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| 96 || [[Curium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Curium|Cm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || || <ref name="Actinides" /><ref>Cm(VI) has been observed in [[curium trioxide]] (CmO<sub>3</sub>) and dioxidocurium(2+) ({{chem|CmO|2|2+}}); see {{cite journal |last1=Domanov |first1=V. P. |last2=Lobanov |first2=Yu. V. |date=October 2011 |title=Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO<sub>3</sub> |journal=Radiochemistry |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=453–6 |publisher=SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica |doi=10.1134/S1066362211050018 }}</ref><ref>Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in [[curium tetroxide]] (CmO<sub>4</sub>); see {{cite journal |last1=Domanov |first1=V. P. |date=January 2013 |title=Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO<sub>4</sub> |journal=Radiochemistry |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=46–51 |publisher=SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica |doi=10.1134/S1066362213010098 }} However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: {{cite journal |last=Zaitsevskii |first=Andréi |last2=Schwarz |first2=W H Eugen |date=April 2014 |title=Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study. |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |volume=2014 |issue=16 |pages=8997–9001 |doi=10.1039/c4cp00235k |access-date=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
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| 97 || [[Berkelium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Berkelium|Bk]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref>Bk(II) has been observed in [[berkelium(II) oxide]] (BkO); see Peterson J. R. and Hobart D. E. [http://books.google.com/books?id=U-YOlLVuV1YC&pg=PA29 "The Chemistry of Berkelium"] in [[Harry Julius Emeléus]] (Ed.) ''Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry'', Volume 28, Academic Press, 1984 {{ISBN|0-12-023628-1}}, p.&nbsp;51, {{doi|10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4}}</ref>
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| 98 || [[Californium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Californium|Cf]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || ||
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| 99 || [[Einsteinium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Einsteinium|Es]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref>Es(IV) is known in [[einsteinium(IV) fluoride]] (EsF<sub>4</sub>); see {{cite journal|last1=Kleinschmidt|first1=P|title=Thermochemistry of the actinides|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|volume=213–214|pages=169–172|year=1994|doi=10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2}}</ref>
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| 100 || [[Fermium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Fermium|Fm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || || 
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| 101 || [[Mendelevium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Mendelevium|Md]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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| 102 || [[Nobelium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Nobelium|No]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || || 
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| 103 || [[Lawrencium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Lawrencium|Lr]]''' || || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 || 
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| 104 || [[Rutherfordium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rutherfordium|Rf]]''' || || || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 4 || 
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| 105 || [[Dubnium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Dubnium|Db]]''' || || || || || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 5 || <ref>Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl<sub>5</sub>); see {{webbref |författare=H. W. Gäggeler |titel=Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |år=2007 |sidor=26–28 |utgivare=[[Paul Scherrer Institute]] |url=http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA&M/TexasA&M.pdf |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090755/http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA%26M/TexasA%26M.pdf |arkivdatum=2012-02-20 }}</ref>
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| 106 || [[Seaborgium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Seaborgium|Sg]]''' || || || || || || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 6 || <ref>Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf |rubrik=Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide |författare=Huebener et al. |tidskrift=Radiochim. Acta |volym=89 |sid=737–741 |år=2001 |doi=10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737 |efternamn2=Taut |förnamn2=S. |efternamn3=Vahle |förnamn3=A. |efternamn4=Dressler |förnamn4=R. |efternamn5=Eichler |förnamn5=B. |efternamn6=Gäggeler |förnamn6=H. W. |efternamn7=Jost |förnamn7=D.T. |efternamn8=Piguet |förnamn8=D. |efternamn9=Türler |förnamn9=A. |efternamn10=Brüchle |förnamn10=W. |nummer=11–12_2001 |display-authors=8 |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201143/http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf |arkivdatum=2014-10-25 }}</ref>
|-
| 107 || [[Bohrium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Bohrium|Bh]]''' || || || || || || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || 7 || <ref>Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO<sub>3</sub>Cl); see [http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf |date=20080228023225 }}, Eichler et al., ''GSI Annual Report 2000''. Retrieved on 2008-02-29</ref>
|-
| 108 || [[Hassium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Hassium|Hs]]''' || || || || || || || || style="background:#d1ddff" | '''+8''' || || 8 || <ref>Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO<sub>4</sub>); see {{webbref|url=http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2003-Jun-29-2.pdf|titel=Chemistry of Hassium|hämtdatum=2007-01-31|år=2002|verk= Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| 109 || [[Meitnerium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Meitnerium|Mt]]''' || || || style="background:#FFB6C1" | '''+3'''   || style="background:#d1ddff" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 9 || 
|-
| 110 || [[Darmstadtium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Darmstadtium|Ds]]''' || || || style="background:#FFB6C1" | '''+3'''   || style="background:#d1ddff" | +4 || || || || || || 10 || 
|-
| 111 || [[Röntgenium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Röntgenium|Rg]]''' || || || style="background:#FFB6C1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 11 || 
|-
| 112 || [[Copernicium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Copernicium|Cn]]''' || style="background:#FFA07A" | +1   || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 12 || 
|-
| 113 || [[Nihonium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Nihonium|Nh]]''' || style="background:#FFA07A" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#FFB6C1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 || 
|-
| 114 || [[Flerovium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Flerovium|Fl]]''' || ||style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 14 || 
|-
| 115 || [[Moskovium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Moskovium|Mc]]''' || || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5'''  || || || || || 15 || 
|-
| 116 || [[Livermorium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Livermorium|Lv]]''' || || || ||style="background:#d1ddff" | '''+4'''  || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5'''  || || || || || 16 || 
|-
| 117 || [[Tenness]] || || || || || style="background:#F5DEB3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Tenness|Ts]]''' || style="background:#FFA07A" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || style="background:#cccc98" | +5  || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7  || || || 17 || 
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 118 || [[Oganesson]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Oganesson|Og]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 18 || 
|-
| 119 || [[Ununennium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Ununennium|Uue]]''' || style="background:#FFA07A" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || 
|-
| 120 || [[Unbinilium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Unbinilium|Ubn]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 || 
|}

== Langmuirs diagram ==
Ett diagram med ett liknande format (nedan) användes av [[Irving Langmuir]] (1919) i ett av de tidiga verken om [[oktettregeln]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Langmuir | first1 = Irving | year = 1919 | title = The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules | url = | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 41 | issue = 6| pages = 868–934 | doi = 10.1021/ja02227a002 }}</ref> Oxidationstillståndens periodicitet var ett av bevisen som föranledde att Langmuir antog regeln.

:[[Fil:Langmuir valence.png|800px]]

== Referenser ==
{{enwp|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements&oldid=702918759|artikel=List of oxidation states of the elements|datum=2 februari 2016}}
:;''Källförteckning och noter kopierades från motsvarande engelsk artikel vid skapandet av denna artikel.''
=== Noter ===
<references/>

{{Grundämnesegenskaper}}

[[Kategori:Grundämnesegenskaper|Oxidationstillstånd]]